By constructing specific examples it is shown that the generally held views about (a) the connection between symmetry and degeneracy (b) the degeneracy of the ground state (c) the number of nodes of the wavefunction (d) invariances and conservation laws and (e) the relation between quantum and classical degeneracies are not always true. In addition it is observed that the separability of the wavefunction in more than one coordinate system is not a necessary condition for the presence of the accidental degeneracy. Other assumptions regarding the nonuniqueness of the ordering of operators, quantizable classical system, determination of the wavefunction and the minimal coupling rule for the motion of a charged particle in an external electromagnetic field are all questioned.

This paper aims toward the formulation of unificationist approach in the development process of standard quantum mechanics (SQM) during the years 1913-1927, focusing on Bohr and Heisenberg as the two prominent founder scientists of ‘Copenhagen' quantum mechanics. In this investigation, we formulate various types of unificationist approaches involving reductionist, analogist, and holistic forms of unificationism, within Bohr's and Heisenberg's main works. Thus, one part of this paper is devoted to description and articulation of several kinds of unificationism from philosophical point of view. Another part is devoted to the conceptual and philosophical analysis of main works of Bohr (including atomic model, correspondence principle, and complementarily) and Heisenberg (Matrix mechanics and indeterminacy relations). This analysis includes origins, methods, contents, and consequences of their works on physics, in the specific period of SQM development.

We elaborate on some recent results on a solution of the Hilbert-space problem in minisuperspace quantum cosmology and discuss the consequences of making the (geometry of the) Hilbert space of ordinary no relativistic quantum systems time-dependent. The latter reveals a remarkable similarity between quantum mechanics and General Relativity.

Divine action in the world is one of the important problematic questions in contemporary philosophy of religion. After new inventions in modern physics during 20’ th century some of the scholars claimed that in spite of classical physics in which physical laws constrain divine actions, in modern physics, uncertainty principle could explain and justify God intervention in the world. But quantum mechanics had produced big challenges in ontology and had not straightforward metaphysics and resulted to different interpretations, each suggesting different way to explain divine actions. Bohmian interpretation of quantum mechanics regarding his special metaphysical ideas like implicate order, holomovement and holism presenting novel perspective on this issue. This article investigate relation between Bohmian interpretation of quantum mechanics and divine actions in the world and shows its capacities on this issue.

In this Paper, Measurement Problem as one of the main dissociations of quantum mechanics from Classical mechanics is discussed. By giving a brief overview of the theoretical models for solving this problem, we emphasize on philosophical considerations involved in choosing the best one.

Considering the position-dependent effective mass in the study of quantum mechanical systems, a wide range of solvable potentials has been obtained. These potentials are obtained by applying canonical transformations to the Schrödinger equation. In this method, the internal functions introduced by Levai for solvable potentials with constant mass have been used, and the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues have been fully obtained. The eigenfunction of these solvable potentials can be obtained based on specific known functions (Jacobian, generalized Laguerre, and Hermit polynomials). Some of these potentials are Scarf-II, Pöschl-Teller, Rosen-Mörse-II and Eckart, whose applications have been described in physical systems. Finally, all the results are placed in a table and the figures of the desired functions is drawn for specific values

One of the most controversial debates in the last century is the challenge raised by quantum mechanics against the principle of causality. This polemic has attracted many philosophers and scientists. To explain how quantum theory violates the principle of causality, we should examine different interpretations of quantum mechanics and various statements of the principle of causality. Up to now, there is no study on the statements of the principle of causality in Islamic philosophy and quantum mechanics. Thus, the explanation of the relation between the principle of causality between physics and Islamic philosophy needs vast works. In this paper, we will give a summary of the principle of causality in Islamic philosophy, and then, we show how the philosophical principle of causality has been reduced to scientific causality and predictability in the effect of the Newtonian mechanics. In the end, we will show that the violation of the scientific causality has not meant that the causality principle in Islamic philosophy was violated.

Objective: The purpose of this research is to understand the nature of entrepreneurial opportunity using the principles of quantum physics theory. Method: The research method used is the quantum paradigm. The quantum paradigm can provide valuable metaphors for the nature of entrepreneurial opportunity using quantum physics concepts. Results: In this study, a comprehensive theory about the nature of opportunity is presented, and Kerzner's discovery of entrepreneurship and Schumpeterian innovation are special cases of this theory. In the entrepreneurial opportunity literature, there are two major interpretations. Schumpeter's view that emphasizes innovation and creativity and Kerzner's view that focuses on discovering the entrepreneurial opportunity in the market process. None of these views can be used elsewhere,It means that each of them can analyze only special conditions. Conclusion: Opportunity in the quantum paradigm has the dual nature of wave and particle. From a wave point of view, opportunity is a combination of environmental waves and waves of the entrepreneur's mind, depending on the intensity of each of these waves, different states of opportunity arise. From the point of view of the wave nature, the environmental waves of opportunity spread all over the world. But the probability of revealing and identifying it is different in all geographical places (and at different times). In places of the world where there are more suitable conditions (better entrepreneurial ecosystem, etc. ), the probability of revealing the opportunity is higher. In fact, the entrepreneurial opportunity is formed from the interaction of environmental waves (E) with the waves of the entrepreneur's mind (H). The presence of both waves is necessary to create an opportunity. That is, a real opportunity is an interaction of E and H waves with each other. Also, from a particle point of view, opportunity emerges and manifests in a specific place and time. It means that the qualified person is placed in the right position. In this definition, waves of opportunity in the environment flow like a cloud in the environment of society. The members of the society, depending on their status and position in the society, each of them observes this cloud in relation to their own position. In the interpretation of the opportunity cloud, the opportunity must be hunted and taken advantage of in some way (that is, the waves of the mind must interact with the waves of the environment in order to obtain a real opportunity. ). Because this cloud is available to the entrepreneur for a limited time. In fact, due to the constant changes in the environment, there is a certain time to hunt and exploit every opportunity. From a particle point of view, an opportunity is like a particle in the entrepreneur's mind, which requires environmental waves with a frequency corresponding to the frequency of the particle of opportunity to excite it. If the energy of the particle of opportunity becomes more than the potential energy of the environment, it is possible for this particle to leave the mind of the entrepreneur and its presence in the environment outside of the mind.

The eigen values, eigen vector and population analysis of ferrocene and cobaltocene show that the first ten molecular orbitals in ferrocene and first seven in cobaltocene have contribution from 2pz orbitals of carbon of C5H5-and 3d orbitals of iron or cobalt. The extent of involvement of metal orbitals in the two cases are different. In ferrocene the maximum involvement out of 4s and 4p orbital is in the order 4pz > 4py> 4s> 4px and out of 3d orbitals the order of involvement is 3dyz > 3dxz > 3dz2 > 3dx2- y2 > 3dxy. The involvement of corresponding orbital in cobaltocene in respect of 4s and 4p orbitals is in the order 4s> 4pz> 4px and in 3d orbitals the order is 3dyz> 3dxy> 3dxz> 3dz2 > 3dx2-y2. The total involvement in respect of bonding between C5H5-and the metal orbitals as derived from coefficient values is 13.8 in ferrocene and 9.1 in cobaltocene. Comparison of eigen values indicate that ten most stable molecular orbitals have their energies in the range-0.4898 to-0.2314 eV in ferrocene and the seven most stable molecular orbitals in the range-0.4935 to-0.3583 eV in cobaltocene. The energies of first molecular orbital in ferrocene is-1.1084 eV and in cobaltocene-1.1027 eV. The population analysis shows that electrons from 2pz orbitals of carbon and 3d orbitals are provided in molecular orbital in both ferrocene and cobaltocene. The magnitude of contribution in the two cases differs significantly as the sum of the coefficient values of three 4p orbitals and five 3d orbitals in the ferrocene and cobaltocene are 13.8 and 9.1 respectively.

Bell, in some of his papers, introduces local beables, distinct from observables, in QM. This paper aims to illustrate the importance and necessity of local beables arise from both ontological and epistemological considerations. Given that the wave function is an essential element of quantum theory, we explain how understanding the ontological significance of the wave function in the context of beables provides us a ground for choosing a more satisfactory interpretation or theory of quantum mechanics among the rivals